Analía Bellizzi – Chemistry Classes

Ronald Reagan Senior High School

Titrations Notes

ACID BASE TITRATION

Introduction
In chemistry laboratory, it is sometimes necessary to experimentally determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. A procedure for making this kind of determination is called an acid-base titration. In this laboratory process, a solution of known concentration, called the standard solution, is carefully added to a solution of unknown concentration until the mixture becomes neutral. The neutral point of the solution is recognized by an indicator’s color change. If the unknown solution is acidic, then the standard solution will be basic. The opposite would be true if the unknown solution was basic.
We know that the mixing of equal amounts of acid and base ions will create neutral water. At the molecular level, this reaction can be illustrated with the following equation.

H+      +      OH-      →     H2O
(acid)         (base)

This equation states that one mole of hydrogen ions (acid) will neutralize one mole of hydroxide ions (base). Since we can exactly measure the moles of the standard solution, we can assume that the moles of the solution of unknown concentration will be the same at the neutral point. This is called the end-point of the titration.

In this experiment the unknown solution (Analyte) will be sodium hydroxide (NaOH)  and the standard solution will be the acid HCl(aq) . You will know the concentration and the volume of the base and the volume of the acid and base used. With this information you can use the titration formula to calculate the concentration of the acid. The diagram below shows the set up.

Pre Lab:

Define the following words:
Titration- ______________________________________________________________________________
Endpoint- ______________________________________________________________________________
Neutralization- _________________________________________________________________________

Write the neutralization reaction for
HCl reacting 

with NaOH.
What is the pH of the solution at the end point of the titration?

Procedure: 

  1. The flask is filled with 10 mL of unknown concentration of HCl. Record the volume of acid on your data from the pictures below 
    Volume of Acid

    initial volume of acid in buret

    Final volume of acid in buret

  2. Phenolpthalein Indicator is added to the flask.
    Phenolpthalein Indicator added to Acid in Flask
    Picture
  3. Record on your data form the initial volume of base in the buret
    Initial volume of base in buret
    Picture
  4. You will now start adding base (0.25M NaOH) from the buret into the flask to neutralize the acid.  The flask is gently swirled as the base is added. A pink color should appear as the base is added, but it will disappear as the flask is swirled. The end-point of the titration will be reached when 1 drop of base makes the solution turn and stay pink.
    Endpoint of Titration
    Picture
  5. Record the final volume of base from the buret that was needed to neutralize the acid.  (click here)
    Final volume of base in buret
    Picture
Data form:

Picture

 
Calculations: 
 
1) Calculate the number of moles of acid contained in the 10 mL of acid that were placed in the flask.
2) calculate the mole ratio and hence the number of moles of base contained in the volume delivered to the flask using the burette
3) Determine the Molarity (concentration) of HCl using the data you collected and the titration formula.  (The concentration of the NaOH used was 0.25M)
    Record your answer on your data form.
4: using the formula

Questions

  1. State the purpose of this experiment.
  2. Describe the function of the phenolphthalein in this experiment. How would this experiment be different if you had forgotten to add the phenolphthalein
  3. State evidence from the lab that the endpoint was reached.
  4. It takes 75ml of a 2.5M HCl solution to neutralize 55ml of a base of unknown concentration. Calculate the concentration of an unknown basic solution.
  5. If the actual concentration of the HCl was 0.33M what is your percent error?
  6. Environmental studies usually involve an analysis of precipitation and its response to pollution. To quantify the degree of contamination in natural rain water or snow, titration is used. The process is quick and results are reliable. Since most titration processes do not require expensive or specialized equipment, the test can be performed often and in different areas with relatively little effort.

a. A 1000.0 mL sample of lake water is titrated using 0.100 mL of a 0.100 M base solution. What is the molarity of the acid in the lake water?
b. Based on the molarity of the acid calculated above, what is the pH of the lake water?